Magnetic Field Establishment: The stator generates a fixed-direction magnetic field through permanent magnets or excitation windings, forming the basic environment for energy conversion.
Armature Current and Magnetic Field Interaction: The rotor armature windings are connected to an external DC power supply via brushes and the commutator. After current flows into the windings, it experiences a Lorentz force in the magnetic field, generating driving torque. According to the left-hand rule, the torque is maximum when the current direction is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction, driving the rotor to rotate.
Commutation Mechanism: When the rotor rotates to a specific angle, the commutator mechanically changes the direction of the current in the armature windings, ensuring that the angle between the magnetic field and the current remains approximately 90 degrees, thus guaranteeing consistent torque direction.
Energy Conversion Process: The input DC electrical energy is converted into magnetic field energy through the armature windings, and then into mechanical energy output through electromagnetic force. Its efficiency is typically between 75% and 95%, influenced by motor design, load characteristics, and heat dissipation conditions.
